Ingredient Spotlight: Science-Backed Skincare

  • Almond oil

    A deeply nourishing oil rich in vitamin E, almond oil helps to moisturize, soften, and soothe the skin while strengthening the skin barrier. Its anti-inflammatory properties reduce irritation and redness, while its antioxidant content provides protection against UV-induced damage and premature aging.

  • Aloe vera

    A powerhouse ingredient known for its soothing, hydrating, and healing properties. Aloe vera helps calm inflammation, promote wound healing, boost collagen production for firmer skin, and deeply hydrate for a radiant, supple complexion.

  • Apricot kernel oil

    A lightweight yet deeply nourishing oil that hydrates, softens, and protects the skin. Rich in antioxidants and essential fatty acids, it helps combat premature aging, soothes irritation, and strengthens the skin barrier for a smooth, radiant complexion.

  • Calendula extract

    A soothing botanical powerhouse with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin-healing properties. It helps calm irritation, boost collagen production for faster skin repair, and protect the skin barrier for improved hydration and resilience.

  • Ceramide NP

    A naturally occurring lipid in the skin that plays a crucial role in maintaining a strong, healthy barrier and preventing moisture loss. As skin ages or becomes compromised, ceramide levels deplete, leading to dryness and sensitivity. Ceramide NP helps replenish these essential lipids, restoring hydration, strengthening the barrier, and improving overall skin resilience.

  • Chrysanthemum extract

    A powerful botanical that soothes inflammation, protects against UV damage, and fights oxidative stress. It stimulates collagen and elastin production, enhances skin resilience, and promotes natural regeneration for firmer, more youthful-looking skin.

  • Geranium essential oil

    A potent botanical extract known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin-rejuvenating properties. It helps soothe irritation, promote skin healing, and protect against UV-induced aging. By enhancing skin elasticity and stimulating regeneration, geranium oil supports a smoother, firmer, and more radiant complexion.

  • Grape ferment extract

    A potent fermented ingredient that enhances skin hydration, strengthens the barrier, and delivers a concentrated dose of antioxidants. By transforming grape polyphenols into more bioavailable compounds, it helps protect against environmental stress, improve skin texture, and promote a radiant, youthful glow.

  • Grapeseed oil

    A lightweight, fast-absorbing oil rich in antioxidants, vitamin E, and essential fatty acids, grapeseed oil helps combat signs of aging, improve skin elasticity, and deeply hydrate without clogging pores. Its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties make it ideal for soothing sensitive and acne-prone skin while protecting against environmental damage.

  • Hemp seed oil

    A deeply nourishing oil rich in omega fatty acids, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory compounds, hemp seed oil helps strengthen the skin barrier, lock in moisture, and soothe irritation. Its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties protect against environmental damage, while its ability to support collagen and hydration makes it a powerful ally in skincare.

  • Hyaluronic acid

    A powerful hydrating molecule that attracts and retains moisture, keeping the skin plump, smooth, and deeply nourished. It enhances skin elasticity, reduces fine lines, supports barrier function, and promotes healing, making it an essential ingredient for youthful, resilient skin.

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  • Juniper essential oil

    A purifying and revitalizing oil with potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. It helps combat blemishes, soothe irritated skin, and protect against oxidative damage, promoting a clearer, healthier, and more youthful complexion.

  • Kaolin

    A gentle yet effective clay that absorbs excess oil, refines pores, and purifies the skin without stripping moisture. Its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties make it ideal for calming irritation, while its natural exfoliating action helps promote a smooth, refreshed complexion.

  • Lactobacillus ferment lysate

    A probiotic-derived ingredient that strengthens the skin barrier, soothes inflammation, and enhances hydration. By promoting wound healing and boosting skin resilience, it helps calm irritation, improve moisture retention, and support a healthy, balanced complexion.

  • Lavender essential oil

    A soothing and multi-functional essential oil known for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. It helps promote wound healing, calm irritation, and protect against environmental stressors, while its ability to boost collagen production supports skin repair and a youthful, healthy glow.

  • Mandarin extract

    A potent botanical rich in antioxidants and bioactive flavonoids, tangerine extract helps protect the skin from oxidative stress, supports collagen production, and promotes a youthful glow. Its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties aid in wound healing, while its mild skin-brightening effects help even skin tone and reduce the appearance of dark spots.

  • Moringa oil

    A nutrient-rich oil packed with antioxidants, vitamin E, and essential fatty acids, moringa oil deeply hydrates, soothes inflammation, and protects the skin from environmental stressors. Its regenerative properties support wound healing, improve skin elasticity, and help defend against UV damage, making it a powerful ingredient for radiant, healthy skin.

  • Niacinamide

    A powerhouse skincare ingredient that strengthens the skin barrier, boosts hydration, and reduces fine lines and wrinkles. Its brightening properties help fade hyperpigmentation and even skin tone, while its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects protect against environmental stressors, making it ideal for achieving a smooth, healthy complexion.

  • Olive extract

    Rich in polyphenols and antioxidants, olive oil industry by-products provide powerful skin-protective benefits, including hydration, anti-inflammatory effects, and UV defense. These extracts help reduce oxidative stress, improve skin resilience, and enhance moisture retention, making them valuable ingredients for skin-rejuvenating and protective formulations.

  • Olive oil

    A nutrient-rich oil brimming with antioxidants, essential fatty acids, and vitamin E, olive oil deeply hydrates the skin while reinforcing its natural barrier. Its powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties help calm irritation, improve elasticity, and defend against signs of aging. With regenerative effects that support wound healing and skin renewal, olive oil is a soothing, multi-functional ingredient ideal for restoring balance and radiance to all skin types.

  • Orange essential oil

    A refreshing and revitalizing oil packed with antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties, orange essential oil helps protect against oxidative stress, soothe irritation, and support clear, radiant skin. Its antibacterial effects make it beneficial for acne-prone skin, while its uplifting citrus aroma enhances overall skincare rituals.

  • Rosewater

    A luxurious botanical rich in antioxidants, flavonoids, and vitamin C, Rosa Damascena helps protect the skin from oxidative stress, soothes inflammation, and promotes wound healing, making it a prized ingredient for rejuvenating skincare.

  • Rosehip oil

    A deeply nourishing oil packed with essential fatty acids, antioxidants, and vitamin E, rosehip oil helps protect against environmental damage, boost collagen production, and improve skin elasticity. Its regenerative properties aid in wound healing, reduce the appearance of scars, and enhance hydration, making it a powerhouse ingredient for youthful, radiant skin.

  • Rosemary essential oil

    A potent botanical extract known for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and skin-rejuvenating properties. It helps improve hydration and elasticity, protects against oxidative stress, and enhances skin absorption of active ingredients. With its ability to combat acne and prevent premature aging, rosemary oil supports a clear, healthy, and radiant complexion.

  • Snow algae

    A powerful adaptogenic ingredient that enhances skin longevity, hydration, and protection. Rich in antioxidants like astaxanthin, snow algae help defend against UV damage, oxidative stress, and premature aging while strengthening the skin barrier for a smooth, resilient complexion.

  • Vitamin E

    A powerful antioxidant that protects the skin from oxidative stress, UV damage, and premature aging. It helps strengthen the skin barrier, lock in moisture, and reduce inflammation, promoting a smooth, radiant, and resilient complexion.

  • Witch hazel

    A natural astringent rich in tannins and antioxidants, witch hazel helps calm inflammation, reduce redness, and protect the skin from environmental stressors. Its antibacterial and soothing properties make it ideal for treating acne, sensitive skin, and irritation while promoting a clear, balanced complexion.

Scientific journals

Almond oil

Ouzir M, Bernoussi SE, Tabyaoui M, Taghzouti K. Almond oil: A comprehensive review of chemical composition, extraction methods, preservation conditions, potential health benefits, and safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2021 Jul;20(4):3344-3387.

Colic, S., Zec, G., Natić, M., & Fotirić-Akšić, M. (2019). Almond (Prunus dulcis) oil. Fruit Oils: Chemistry and Functionality.

Li, J., Henning, S., Thames, G., Bari, O., Tran, P., Tseng, C., Heber, D., Kim, J., & Li, Z. (2021). Almond consumption increased UVB resistance in healthy Asian women. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 20, 2975 - 2980.

Blaak J, Staib P. An updated review on efficacy and benefits of sweet almond, evening primrose and jojoba oils in skin care applications. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2022 Feb;44(1):1-9.

Aloe vera

Kaur, G. (2017). Aloe Vera: The Miracle Plant and its Therapeutic Uses. The Indian journal of nutrition and dietetics, 54, 474-490.

Mehta, S., & Sahu, C. (2015). Review on Cosmetic and Medicinal use of Aloe vera. Food Science and Nutrition, 1.

Meza-Valle KZ, Saucedo-Acuña RA, Tovar-Carrillo KL, Cuevas-González JC, Zaragoza-Contreras EA, Melgoza-Lozano J. Characterization and Topical Study of Aloe Vera Hydrogel on Wound-Healing Process. Polymers (Basel). 2021 Nov 16;13(22):3958.

Apricot kernel oil

Makrygiannis, I., Athanasiadis, V., Chatzimitakos, T., Bozinou, E., Mantzourani, C., Chatzilazarou, A., Makris, D., & Lalas, S. (2023). Exploring the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Apricot Kernel Oil. Separations.

Bhanger, M., Anwar, F., Memon, N., & Qadir, R. (2020). Cold pressed apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) kernel oil. , 725-730.

Calendula extract

Preethi, K., Kuttan,, G., & Kuttan, R. (2009). Anti-inflammatory activity of flower extract of Calendula officinalis Linn. and its possible mechanism of action.. Indian journal of experimental biology, 47 2, 113-20.

Fonseca, Y., Catini, C., Vicentini, F., Nomizo, A., Gerlach, R., & Fonseca, M. (2010). Protective effect of Calendula officinalis extract against UVB-induced oxidative stress in skin: evaluation of reduced glutathione levels and matrix metalloproteinase secretion.. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 127 3, 596-601.

Akhtar, N., Zaman, S., Khan, B., Amir, M., & Ebrahimzadeh, M. (2011). Calendula extract: effects on mechanical parameters of human skin. Acta poloniae pharmaceutica, 68 5, 693-701.

Ferreira LMMC, Bandeira ES, Gomes MF, Lynch DG, Bastos GNT, Silva-Júnior JOC, Ribeiro-Costa RM. Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Containing Calendula Extract as a Wound Healing Bandage: In Vivo Test. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Feb 14;24(4):3806.

Ceramide NP

Lim, S., Kim, E., Lee, C., Park, G., Yoo, K., Nam, S., Shin, K., Park, K., & Choi, E. (2021). A Lipid Mixture Enriched by Ceramide NP with Fatty Acids of Diverse Chain Lengths Contributes to Restore the Skin Barrier Function Impaired by Topical Corticosteroid. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 35, 112 - 123.

Tempark T, Shem A, Lueangarun S. Efficacy of ceramides and niacinamide-containing moisturizer versus hydrophilic cream in combination with topical anti-acne treatment in mild to moderate acne vulgaris: A split face, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2024 May;23(5):1758-1765.

Xu, F., Zhu, J., Zhang, Z., Li, S., He, Y., Dong, Y., & Zhan, X. (2023). In vivo evaluation of the skin penetration and efficacy of ceramide nanomulsions by confocal Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy.

Chrystanthemum extract

Kim, B., & Kim, H. (2014). Chrysanthemum zawadskii extract activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α and has an anti-inflammatory activity : Potential interest for the skin barrier function. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 31, 1831-1838.

Sun, S., Jiang, P., Su, W., Xiang, Y., Li, J., Zeng, L., & Yang, S. (2016). Wild chrysanthemum extract prevents UVB radiation-induced acute cell death and photoaging. Cytotechnology, 68, 229-240.

Geranium essential oil

Lohani, A., Mishra, A., & Verma, A. (2018). Cosmeceutical potential of geranium and calendula essential oil: Determination of antioxidant activity and in vitro sun protection factor. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 18, 550 - 557.

Lohani, A., & Morganti, P. (2022). Age-Defying and Photoprotective Potential of Geranium/Calendula Essential Oil Encapsulated Vesicular Cream on Biochemical Parameters against UVB Radiation Induced Skin Aging in Rat. Cosmetics.

Grape ferment extract

Maturano, Y., Assaf, L., Toro, M., Nally, M., Vallejo, M., Figueroa, L., Combina, M., Combina, M., & Vazquez, F. (2012). Multi-enzyme production by pure and mixed cultures of Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts during wine fermentation.. International journal of food microbiology, 155 1-2, 43-50.

Cefali LC, Ataide JA, Sousa IMO, Figueiredo MC, Ruiz ALTG, Foglio MA, Mazzola PG.In vitrosolar protection factor, antioxidant activity, and stability of a topical formulation containing Benitaka grape (Vitis viniferaL.) peel extract. Nat Prod Res. 2020 Sep;34(18):2677-2682.

Grapeseed oil

Sharafan M, Malinowska MA, Ekiert H, Kwaśniak B, Sikora E, Szopa A.Vitis vinifera(Vine Grape) as a Valuable Cosmetic Raw Material. Pharmaceutics. 2023 Apr 29;15(5):1372.

Sumaiyah, S., & Leisyah, B. (2019). THE EFFECT OF ANTIOXIDANT OF GRAPESEED OIL AS SKIN ANTI-AGING IN NANOEMULSION AND EMULSION PREPARATIONS. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry.

Garavaglia, J., Markoski, M., Oliveira, A., & Marcadenti, A. (2016). Grape Seed Oil Compounds: Biological and Chemical Actions for Health. Nutrition and Metabolic Insights, 9, 59 - 64.

Hemp seed oil

Fordjour E, Manful CF, Sey AA, Javed R, Pham TH, Thomas R, Cheema M.Cannabis: a multifaceted plant with endless potentials. Front Pharmacol. 2023 Jun 15;14:1200269.

Sapino, S., Carlotti, M., Peira, E., & Gallarate, M. (2005). Hemp-seed and olive oils: their stability against oxidation and use in O/W emulsions..Journal of cosmetic science, 56 4, 227-51.

Huang, Y., Pei, L., Gu, X., & Wang, J. (2020). Study on the Oxidation Products of Hemp Seed Oil and its Application in Cosmetics.Tenside Surfactants Detergents, 57, 230 - 236. https://doi.org/10.3139/113.110679.

Hyaluronic acid

Bravo, B., Correia, P., Júnior, J., Sant'Anna, B., & Kerob, D. (2022). Benefits of topical hyaluronic acid for skin quality and signs of skin aging: From literature review to clinical evidence. Dermatologic Therapy, 35.

Bukhari, S., Roswandi, N., Waqas, M., Habib, H., Hussain, F., Khan, S., Sohail, M., Ramli, N., Thu, H., & Hussain, Z. (2018). Hyaluronic acid, a promising skin rejuvenating biomedicine: A review of recent updates and pre-clinical and clinical investigations on cosmetic and nutricosmetic effects.. International journal of biological macromolecules, 120 Pt B, 1682-1695.

Chen, L., Xue, J., Zheng, Z., Shuhaidi, M., Thu, H., & Hussain, Z. (2018). Hyaluronic acid, an efficient biomacromolecule for treatment of inflammatory skin and joint diseases: A review of recent developments and critical appraisal of preclinical and clinical investigations.. International journal of biological macromolecules, 116, 572-584.

Juniper essential oil

Han, X., & Parker, T. (2017). Anti-inflammatory activity of Juniper (Juniperus communis) berry essential oil in human dermal fibroblasts.Cogent Medicine, 4.

Ekakitie, E. (2024). Innovative Application of Juniperus Communis Wood Oil in Acne Skincare:.Journal of Knowledge Learning and Science Technology ISSN: 2959-6386 (online).

Pepeljnjak, S., Kosalec, I., Kalodera, Z., & Blažević, N. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of juniper berry essential oil (Juniperus communis L., Cupressaceae)..Acta pharmaceutica, 55 4, 417-22 .

Kaolin

Kamila, R. (2021). Kaolin in pharmaceutical preparations: a review.Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi.

Santiworakun, N., Dahlan, W., Arour, Z., Plalamee, N., Sirikwanpong, S., Ontao, N., Marpae, M., & Suksuwan, A. (2022). Formulation and Stability Determination of Anti-Acne Cream Containing Black Cumin Seed Oil and Kaolin Clay.Proceedings of The International Halal Science and Technology Conference.

Pinheiro, G., Carvalho, T., Michel, B., De Carvalho Arjona, J., Bobadilha, M., Silva-Valenzuela, M., Costa, T., & Valenzuela-Díaz, F. (2020). Characterization of a Brazilian Kaolin and Its Sorption Ability to Mineral Oils., 367-373.

Lactobacillus ferment lysate

Abedin, R., El-Aassar, S., Bahloul, Y., & Hameid, H. (2013). Medical importance of Lactobacillus fermentum lysate as a bioactive agent against some pathogenic Candida and Aspergillus strains.African Journal of Microbiology Research, 7, 4817-4827.

Brandi, J., Cheri, S., Manfredi, M., Di Carlo, C., Vanella, V., Federici, F., Bombiero, E., Bazaj, A., Rizzi, E., Manna, L., Cornaglia, G., Marini, U., Valenti, M., Marengo, E., & Cecconi, D. (2020). Exploring the wound healing, anti-inflammatory, anti-pathogenic and proteomic effects of lactic acid bacteria on keratinocytes.Scientific Reports, 10.

Lavender essential oil

Samuelson, R., Lobl, M., Higgins, S., Clarey, D., & Wysong, A. (2020). The Effects of Lavender Essential Oil on Wound Healing: A Review of the Current Evidence.. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine.

Prusinowska, R., & Smigielski, K. (2014). Composition, biological properties and therapeutic effects of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L). A review. Herba Polonica, 60, 56 - 66.

Mandarin extract

Chen, J., Han, X., Wu, Y., Liu, L., Yu, J., Li, J., Zhang, Y., & Xu, Y. (2022). Comparative study on characteristics of mandarin peel extracts by biological processing.Archives of Microbiology, 204.

Nipornram, S., Tochampa, W., Rattanatraiwong, P., & Singanusong, R. (2018). Optimization of low power ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Sainampueng) peel..Food chemistry, 241, 338-345 .

Tumbas, T., Cetkovic, S., Djilas, M., Canadanovic-Brunet, M., Vulić, J., Knez, Ž., & Škerget, M. (2010). Antioxidant activity of mandarin (Citrus reticulata) peel.Acta Periodica Technologica, 195-203.

Rodrigues CV, Pintado M. Hesperidin from Orange Peel as a Promising Skincare Bioactive: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Feb 4;25(3):1890.

Moringa oil

Ramamurthy, S., Varghese, S., Sudarsan, S., Muruganandhan, J., Mushtaq, S., Patil, P., Raj, A., Zanza, A., Testarelli, L., & Patil, S. (2021). Moringa oleifera: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Anti-inflammatory, and Related Properties of Extracts in Cell Lines: A Review of Medicinal Effects, Phytochemistry, and Applications..The journal of contemporary dental practice, 22 12, 1483-1492 .

Chhikara, N., Kaur, A., Mann, S., Garg, M., Sofi, S., & Panghal, A. (2020). Bioactive compounds, associated health benefits and safety considerations of Moringa oleifera L.: an updated review.Nutrition & Food Science.

Niacinamide

Bissett, D., Oblong, J., & Berge, C. (2006). Niacinamide: A B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance.. Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.], 31 7 Pt 2, 860-5; discussion 865.

Tempark T, Shem A, Lueangarun S. Efficacy of ceramides and niacinamide-containing moisturizer versus hydrophilic cream in combination with topical anti-acne treatment in mild to moderate acne vulgaris: A split face, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2024 May;23(5):1758-1765.

Mohammed, D., Crowther, J., Matts, P., Hadgraft, J., & Lane, M. (2013). Influence of niacinamide containing formulations on the molecular and biophysical properties of the stratum corneum.. International journal of pharmaceutics, 441 1-2, 192-201.

Bissett, D., Robinson, L., Raleigh, P., Miyamoto, K., Hakozaki, T., Li, J., & Kelm, G. (2009). Reduction in the appearance of facial hyperpigmentation by topical N‐undecyl‐10‐enoyl‐l‐phenylalanine and its combination with niacinamide. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 8.

Zhen, A., Piao, M., Kang, K., Fernando, P., Kang, H., Koh, Y., Yi, J., & Hyun, J. (2019). Niacinamide Protects Skin Cells from Oxidative Stress Induced by Particulate Matter. Biomolecules & Therapeutics, 27, 562 - 569.

Olive extract

Nunes, A., Gonçalves, L., Marto, J., Martins, A., Silva, A., Pinto, P., Martins, M., Fraga, C., & Ribeiro, H. (2021). Investigations of Olive Oil Industry By-Products Extracts with Potential Skin Benefits in Topical Formulations. Pharmaceutics, 13.

Schlupp, P., Schmidts, T., Pössl, A., Wildenhain, S., Franco, G., Franco, A., & Franco, B. (2019). Effects of a Phenol-Enriched Purified Extract from Olive Mill Wastewater on Skin Cells. Cosmetics. https://doi.org/10.3390/COSMETICS6020030.

Chaiyana, W., Leelapornpisid, P., Phongpradist, R., & Kiattisin, K. (2016). Enhancement of antioxidant and skin moisturizing effects of olive oil by incorporation into microemulsions. Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, 6.

Olive oil

Weisberg, E., & Baumann, L. (2021). The foundation for the use of olive oil in skin care and botanical cosmeceuticals. , 425-434.

Viola, P., Nobili, F., & Viola, M. (2012). Olive oil as a skin protector. , 282-299.

Baumann, L., & Weisberg, E. (2010). Olive Oil in Botanical Cosmeceuticals. Olives and olive oil in health and disease prevention, 1117-1124.

Orange essential oil

Sun, P., Zhao, L., Zhang, N., Wang, C., Wu, W., Mehmood, A., Zhang, L., Ji, B., & Zhou, F. (2020). Essential Oil and Juice from Bergamot and Sweet Orange Improve Acne Vulgaris Caused by Excessive Androgen Secretion. Mediators of Inflammation, 2020.

Zuo, X., Gu, Y., Wang, C., Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Wang, G., & Wang, F. (2020). A Systematic Review of the Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties of 16 Essential Oils of Herbs.Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2020.

Rosewater

Bayhan, G., Gumus, T., Alan, B., Savas, I., Cam, S., Şahin, E., & Arslan, S. (2020). Influence of Rosa damascena hydrosol on skin flora (contact culture) after hand-rubbing.GMS Hygiene and Infection Control, 15.

Chen Z, Hong N, Xu N, Yan C, Cao P, Yao H. In vitro efficacy of Rosa damascena solid state fermentation liquid and water extract on skin care. Skin Res Technol. 2024 Aug;30(8):e13869.

Rosehip oil

Belkhelladi, M., & Bougrine, A. (2023). Rosehip extract and wound healing: A review. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 23, 62 - 67.

Phetcharat, L., Wongsuphasawat, K., & Winther, K. (2015). The effectiveness of a standardized rose hip powder, containing seeds and shells of Rosa canina, on cell longevity, skin wrinkles, moisture, and elasticity.Clinical Interventions in Aging, 10, 1849 - 1856.

Rosemary essential oil

Montenegro, L., Pasquinucci, L., Zappalá, A., Chiechio, S., Turnaturi, R., & Parenti, C. (2017). Rosemary Essential Oil-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles: In Vivo Topical Activity from Gel Vehicles. Pharmaceutics, 9.

Ojeda-Sana, A., Baren, C., Elechosa, M., Juárez, M., & Moreno, S. (2013). New insights into antibacterial and antioxidant activities of rosemary essential oils and their main components. Food Control, 31, 189-195.

Snow algae

Hoham, R., & Remias, D. (2019). Snow and Glacial Algae: A Review1. Journal of Phycology, 56, 264 - 282.

Bidigare, R., Ondrusek, M., Kennicutt, M., Iturriaga, R., Harvey, H., Hoham, R., & Macko, S. (1993). EVIDENCE A PHOTOPROTECTIVE FOR SECONDARY CAROTENOIDS OF SNOW ALGAE 1. Journal of Phycology, 29.

Remias, D., Lütz-Meindl, U., & Lütz, C. (2005). Photosynthesis, pigments and ultrastructure of the alpine snow alga Chlamydomonas nivalis. European Journal of Phycology, 40, 259 - 268.

Vitamin E

Cassano, R. (2012). Vitamin E chemistry, biological activity and benefits on the skin. , 144-163.

Meydani, S., Barkiund, P., Liu, S., Meydani, M., Miller, R., Cannon, J., Morrow, F., Rock, R., & Blumberg, J. (1990). Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell-mediated immunity in healthy elderly subjects.. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 52 3, 557-63.

Berardesca, E., & Cameli, N. (2021). Vitamin E supplementation in inflammatory skin diseases. Dermatologic Therapy, 34.

Thiele, J., Hsieh, S., & Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage, S. (2006). Vitamin E: critical review of its current use in cosmetic and clinical dermatology.. Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.], 31 7 Pt 2, 805-13; discussion 813.

Keen, M., & Hassan, I. (2016). Vitamin E in dermatology. Indian Dermatology Online Journal, 7, 311 - 315.

Witch hazel

Abbas, T., Abbas, M., & Lafta, A. (2020). Antibacterial activity and medical properties of Witch Hazel Hamamelis virginiana. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 23, 23-1146.

Thring, T., Hili, P., & Naughton, D. (2011). Antioxidant and potential anti-inflammatory activity of extracts and formulations of white tea, rose, and witch hazel on primary human dermal fibroblast cells. Journal of Inflammation (London, England), 8, 27 - 27.

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